Expense for using more miles than the maximum agreed to on a lease or rental contract.

A REINSURANCE arrangement where a REINSURER assumes RISKS and returns in specific horizontal or vertical layers; depending on the magnitude of losses and the sequence and level of ATTACHMENT a reinsurer may

A plan that includes social security in its retirement funding.

A condition where buyers want more quantity at a specific price than sellers will supply. This causes a shortage. Typically the price is below the equilibrium price where sellers sell at the

A condition where sellers have more quantity at a specific price than buyers will buy. This causes a surplus. Typically the price of the goods is higher than the equilibrium price where

Banks having more cash reserve than the law requires. Low economic activity, weak loan demand, high interest rates, or tight monetary policies are typical contributing causes for this condition.

Difference between higher return rate and a lower risk free rate. An example is a return rate is 5 percent and a risk free rate of 1.5 percent results in a investment’s

Value declared for a shipment greater the carrier liability limit.

In a given situation, the use of aggressive capability above expectation. The capability use is deemed unreasonable or unwarranted.

Expense added to the cost of a rental or lease contract due to a quantity of dings, dents, dirt, interior stains and tears, and scratches above a subjective norm. Known also as

Known also as excessive wear and tear charge.

An attempt to improve a country’s balance of payments position by a government-imposed constraining of conversion of its currency to another specific country’s currency.

A facility offered by certain EXCHANGES where two parties can agree to swap, off exchange, a FUTURES contract for a physical ASSET at the price quoted on the exchange. Before an EFP

Swapping assets that are very different, like land for bearer bonds. Both instruments in the swap have significant value.

Swapping assets that are very much alike, like land in one state for very similar land in another state. Both instruments in the swap have similar significant value.

Method of maintaining equilibrium in an exchange rate. Member countries of an economic community maintain exchange rate parity among their competing currencies. Fluctuation up to some agreed-to limit is allowed between specific

Investing or dealing with competing currencies that have no mutually agreed-to fluctuation limit carries this exposure and uncertainty. Known also as currency risk.

The percentage of how many of a buying company’s shares are to be swapped for the shares of a company being bought.

Marketable, tradable vehicles, like bonds or shares one can swap, rather than sell and buy, for another common stock.

A DERIVATIVE contract, traded through an authorized EXCHANGE and cleared through a CLEARINGHOUSE, that is characterized by standard terms and conditions, and is subject to standard MARGIN requirements and clearing rules. Trading