Assessment of organizational hierarchy, policies and procedures, and management systems. The aim is to identify organizational inefficiencies, relative to rival organizations, usually within administrative functions.

The adoption of large-scale changes to organizational policies, processes, structures or strategies.

Flow chart, showing the hierarchical structure of an organization, including formal lines of communication and accountability.

Created in 1948 in Bogota, Colombia, to promote Latin American and Caribbean economic and social development, there are currently 34 member states. Cuba was one of the founding members, but its membership

Founded in 1968 by conservative Arab states intending to generate international economic cooperation among petroleum producing and exporting countries.

The most famous cartel in the world, made up of 12 major producers of petroleum (constituting about 40% of global oil exports). It was created in 1960, to fix crude oil prices

Study of all aspects of organizations, from structures to management styles.

Actions and attitudes of individuals, groups and structures within an organization that can affect its function and performance.

Resources at an organization?s disposal, including human resources, material resources, financial resources, information resources and intellectual resources.

Individual behavior that is not mandated, but promotes the interests of the organization.

The extent to which an employee buys into an organization?s goals.

The study of communication within and between organizations. It considers the impact of communication structures on the individuals within those structures, and can contribute to effective management.

Costs incurred when an organization is first set up.

Principles and practices that define the unique atmosphere within an organization.

The design of an organization determines how its operations are differentiated and integrated, as a response to environmental uncertainty.

Systematic changes to the behavior and attitudes of an organization?s employees, through long-term training. An action-oriented process, OD begins with an analysis of current trends and the desired organizational culture. Techniques, such

Economic theory that deals with transactions within organizations, rather than between organizations. Focuses on decision-making, risk management, organizational structure, employee remuneration, etc.

The sum of all knowledge within an organization, pooled between all of its members.

The process by which organizations enhance their ability to understand and adapt to change. Involves wide-scale interpretation and integration of developing knowledge that leads to changes in organizational policy and practice.

This is largely undocumented experience, insight, knowledge and skill acquired over the years by individuals within an organization. Although it can be transferred to new employees through formal and informal mentoring and