The Law Dictionary

Your Free Online Legal Dictionary • Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

Category: J

JURY DIRECTION

The points of law associated with a case as a judge’s precise instructions to a jury. Evidence presented before the court is typically summarized.

JOINT STOCK COMPANY

A company selling stock to raise profits. Also called a corporation or a public limited company.

JUDICIAL BRANCH

Primary governmental branch. A Chief Justice with all the courts and agencies under direct control to protect citizens. In most democratic countries it is one of three branches. The Executive and Legislative

JUNIOR CLAIM

Stating that a right is subordinate to another right. A second mortgagee’s right is subordinate to the primary mortgagee’s right. A claim lower in precedence than a prior or senior claim. An

JURY OF EXECUTIVE OPINION

For a specific decision or forecast, the combining and averaging of views of several contributing executives. A face-to-face session to provide essential information immediately, quickly, without using elaborate data manipulation and statistical

JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY

A full loan balance is a liability to the signatories as a group or from each of them individually, with enough free assets to satisfy the lender’s claim. The lender may sue

JUDICIAL DISCRETION

Under the rules of law, as circumstances direct fairness, the court has the power of a court to act or not to act.

JUNIOR DEBT

Debt claim subordinate to a prior or senior claim. A senior claim of debt is cleared in a debtor’s asset liquidation before any subordinate debt claim is paid. Also known as subordinated

JUS SANGUINIS

A person’s citizenship is by ‘blood’, that of the parents. This rule is followed in most countries of the world. Canada and US use Jus Solis (where born) instead.

JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT

One entered upon the failure of a party to appear or plead at the time appointed. See JUDGMENT.

JUDICIAL DISCRETION, LEGAL DISCRETION

These terms are applied to the discretionary action of a judge or court, and meandiscretion as above defined, that is, discretion bounded by the rules aud principles oflaw, and not arbitrary, capricious,

JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS

Proceedings relating to litigation. They are divided into (1)judgments, decrees, and verdicts; (2) depositions, examinations, and inquisitions takenin the course of a legal process; (3) writs, warrants, pleadings, etc., which are incidentto

JUSTICE EJECTMENT

A statutory proceeding in Vermont, for the eviction of a tenant holding over after termination of the lease or breach of itsconditions. Foss v. Stanton, 76 Vt. 365, 57 Atl. W2.

JOINT AND SEVERAL

A joint contract is one made by two or more promisors, who are jointly bound to fulfill its obligations, or made to two or more promisees, who are jointly entitled to require

JOINT-STOCK CORPORATION

This differs from a joint-stock company in being regularly incorporated, instead of being a mere partnership, but resembles it in having a capital divided into shares of stock. Most business corporations (as

JUNIOR COUNSEL

The younger of the counsel employed on the same side of a case, or the one lower in standing or rank, or who is entrusted with the less important parts of the

JOINTCREDITORS

Persons jointly entitled to require satisfaction of the same debt or demand.

JUDGMENT CREDITOR

One who has obtained a judgment against his debtor, under which he can enforce execution. King y. Eraser, 23 S. C. 548; Baxter y. Moses, 77 Me. 405, 1 Atl. 350. 52

JUNIOR CREDITOR

One whose claim or demand accrued at a date later than that of a claim or demand held by another creditor, who is called correlatively the “senior” creditor.

JOINT ADVENTURE

A commercial or maritime enterprise undertaken by several persons jointly; a limited partnership,

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